Hotels, boarding and guest houses where no significant element of care is provided (excludes hostels). There are no permitted changes.

Residential care homes, hospitals, nursing homes, boarding schools, residential colleges and training centres. There are no permitted changes.

Use for a provision of secure residential accommodation, including use as a prison, young offenders institution, detention centre, secure training centre, custody centre, short-term holding centre, secure hospital, secure local authority accommodation or use as a military barracks. There are no permitted changes.

This class is in three parts: C3a - Use by a single person or a family (a couple whether married or not, a person related to one another with members of the family of one of the couple to be treated as members of the family of the other), an employer and certain domestic employees (such as an au pair, nanny, nurse, governess, servant, chauffeur, gardener, secretary and personal assistant), a carer and the person receiving the care and a foster parent and foster child. There are no permitted changes. C3b - Up to six people living together as a single household and receiving care e.g., supported housing schemes such as those for people with learning disabilities or mental health problems. There are no permitted changes. C3c - Up to six people living together as a single household. This allows for those groups that do not fall within the C4 HMO definition, e.g., a homeowner who is living with a lodger. There are no permitted changes.

Small shared dwelling houses occupied by between three and six unrelated individuals, as their only or main residence, who share basic amenities such as a kitchen or bathroom. The changes permitted are to C3.

In commercial property, a Calderbank offer is a written offer to settle, frequently in relation to a rent review made "without prejudice" save as to costs. Either landlord or tenant can make a Calderbank offer. A Calderbank offer may only be referred to after the Arbitrator, tribunal or court has made their decision on the substantive matter. The intention of a Calderbank offer is to protect a party against costs.

Capital expenditure (capex) are funds used by an organisation to acquire or upgrade physical assets, such as property or equipment.

The cash receipts minus cash payments over a defined period.

Change of use is the ability to change the way in which land or buildings are used, either by a simple alteration in the nature of the use, or through alterations and additions which modify the use. A change of use may also arise through a material intensification in the present use, or by subtly altering the present use to a point where the changes amount to development. There are certain types of change of use which do not require planning permission. For example, a change of use from one type of shop to another. Certain changes are permissible between and within the use classes without the need for planning permission, subject to satisfying the appropriate criteria. Other uses are considered Sui Generis; that is, they are uses on their own unrelated to other uses. A change of use from, say, a field to a caravan park would require planning permission, so too a domestic garage to a business workshop, or house to a hotel etc. You should first consider the permitted development rights then the Use Classes Order to determine whether an intended change of use requires planning permission or not.

Clawback is also known as overage. It is a right to receive future payments which are triggered by future events – for example achieving planning permission for change of use or development, practical completion of a development, or the sale or lease of the completed development.

The rules governing when a property is ready for occupation and assessment for rating need proper understanding. The Completion Notice procedure is operated by the local authority responsible for rate collection and provides the opportunity to challenge a notice. Time is of the essence and delay could prove costly. We have successfully opposed the content of Completion Notices and thereby delayed liability on behalf of developers, saving substantial amounts for clients.

Compulsory Purchase is an acquisition of interests in land or rights, generally by a public body such as a government department or local authority, which is authorised by an appropriate Compulsory Purchase Order. This process entitles the purchaser to acquire from an unwilling owner or occupier. This is most commonly related to proposals for future public works such as transport developments and can come from local authorities, Highways or Government agencies. Anyone who has land acquired as part of a CPO is generally entitled to compensation. There are a number of rules and regulations governing the assessment of compensation, which not only relate to the value of the land and buildings, but also losses arising from disturbance, severance and injurious affection and in circumstances where no land is taken.

A condition precedent is a lease covenant including conditions which must be strictly fulfilled to satisfy the requirements of the lease.

Land that is contaminated contains substances in or under the land that are actually or potentially hazardous to health or the environment. Britain has a long history of industrial production and throughout the UK there are numerous sites where land has become contaminated by human activities such as mining, industry, chemical and oil spills and waste disposal. Contamination can also occur naturally as result of the geology of the area, or through agricultural use.

Commercial property leases generally automatically qualify for the protection afforded to tenants at lease expiry by the Landlord & Tenant Act 1954. The parties to a lease may, by agreement, contract out of the Act. The main consequence of so doing is to remove the tenant's rights of renewal, and eligibility for compensation in certain circumstances (e.g., landlord's redevelopment). See also Security of Tenure.

The Contractor's Test is the method of valuation used for property where there is no open market, for example a public building. It is also the method of valuation adopted ‘as a last resort’ for rating.

A covenant, in its most general sense, is a solemn promise to engage in or refrain from a specified action. In property, covenants in a lease refer to the obligations imposed on each party by the various clauses. A tenant's covenant strength refers to the quality of a tenant's financial status, and its ability to perform the covenants in the lease.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure that examines the weighted average of prices of a basket of consumer goods and services. The CPI Index is used to track price changes associated with the cost of living. In the commercial property market leases are often granted with rent reviews occurring by reference to either the Consumer Prices Index, or more commonly, the Retail Prices Index (normally on an upwards only basis). There are a number of differences between the CPI and RPI indices – the most well-known of which is in the area of mortgage payments, which are excluded from the CPI but included in the RPI. The CPI was first introduced in 1996 and in 2003 the Government announced that the UK inflation target would be based on the CPI, replacing the Retail Price Index for this purpose.